During the past two decades, Howard Gardner’s work in developmental and educational psychology has offered teachers and educational psychologists the means of education, but, until recently, he has not made explicit his theory of the purpose of education (the ends of education). His description of the means of education has been based on his research establishing the seven, eight, or nine intelligences. His work in the 1980s and early 1990s demonstrated that nearly all humans, regardless of culture, have seven basic intelligences (linguistic, logical/mathematical, spatial, interpersonal, intrapersonal, musical, and bodily-kinesthetic). Since that time, he has added an eighth intelligence, the naturalistic and he is toying with the idea that there might be a ninth, the existential.