This paper argues against the policy of affirmative action which was designed to right discriminatory hiring in the past by using studies in Japan and U.S..
The affirmative action policy may further allow for special training or counseling to benefit members of a disadvantaged group, who may use the extra education to compete effectively with members of the advantaged groups. Whereas the opponents of affirmative action claim that it is injustice to favor a group just because it is considered disadvantaged, proponents of the policy assert that affirmative action is necessary to right the wrongs of the past with respect to discrimination and/or racism (Boylan). In other words, in the absence of affirmative action, discrimination and/or racism may very well continue in almost any if not all spheres of life.